SCI模块化写作 Lesson 3 Results

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科研
解螺旋
SCI模块化写作

论文撰写本质上是八股文的艺术再创作过程，有明确格式，从abstract、introduction、result、discussion、reference到写作内容都是有迹可循的。这门课程希望通过把SCI论文的每一个模块进行套路化、模块化，进行讲解，和大家分享如何把SCI论文这样一个非常八股文的内容创作出来。
在论文写作中，一个很重要的常识是，你无论是做了一个小课题还是一个大课题，是想发一个一分的文章评评职称，还是想发一个三十分的文章让全世界科学家认可。这两篇文章的数据和实验水平是明显不同的，但写作的原则是一样的，都是有套路可循的

• 我们在写作SCI论文时，通常最先开始的是Results部份，而不是按照阅读时的顺序，以title-abstract-introduction的部分进行写作
• 这是因为，如果要把SCI论文比作小说，那Results部分就相当于把故事的主线讲出来。我们做了一个课题经过了一些时间，做了一些实验，发现一些现象，有了几条结论，都要在这部份把它完美的呈现。而且也要先把这些课题的结论、现象构思出来，才好用一条故事线来填充整个文章的introduction以及discussion的部分

Results部份的写作原则

时态上主要使用过去式

• 我们在写文章结果的时候，主要描述我们过去做了什么样的实验，发现了什么样的结论，因此主要的时态是过去时。

行文时要有整体感和故事感

• 一篇论文如果只有实验结果，可能没有那么吸引人；就像游戏/小说/动漫等娱乐作品中，单主角打怪升级总是不如引入主角的伙伴来得吸引人。
• 在行文过程中，我们会希望通过起承转合的逻辑关系，来使结果部份的内容具有一定的整体感和故事感。

数据的展示

• 代表性数据的展示可以使用图片或表格的形式
• 列出代表性数据就好，而不是所有原始数据
• 隐形的实验结果不需要给出具体的数据

图片和表格

• 善用图和表格，简化这个部份的语言描述

论文写作思路——讲故事的顺序

• 一般不会按照实验的顺序进行论文的写作
• 把最重要的发现放在Fig.1，在后续的Fig中不断提升整个故事（或你发现的现象）的重要性和功能
• 在写作的过程中，一般的套路时先写现象，然后是机制和在体功能（即使在实际的实验过程中，我们是先做了一个基因或蛋白的在体功能，但我们不会把功能作为Fig.1的内容），这部份经常出现的内容是“通过XX筛选，得到了YY基因/蛋白的信息”，或在“AA疾病样本（病人）中，发现BB基因/蛋白的异常表达”
• 图表部份写作的注意事项
  • 包括文字结果描述和图表显示部分
  • 图表部分整洁美观，标识清楚
  • 文字部分关键是把结果描述清楚，不用过多的解释结果；但是每一小段都要在结尾处总结这一部分结果，方便读者理解
  • 有的杂志对图表数目和文字长度有要求，不限长度时以描述完整为最低要求。

一些常用句式（模块化写作思路）

针对每个实验结果分别进行讲述的句式

• XX experiment was performed to identify/demonstrate YY
• Decreased mRNA/protein levels were observed in AA mRNA analysis of BB, showed significant increase of CC
• To explore the function of XX, we did YY
• RT-PCR analysis showed a higher expression level of AA mRNA in BB than in CC
  

把每个小的实验结果组装成段落的句式（段落间起承转合的句式）

• XX treatment affected YY, indicating the role for ZZ
• Drug A application increased BB
• This finding was consistent with the previous finding that XXX
• Our data demonstrated that AAA plays a role in BBB
• Ligation and puncture in mice resulted in CCC
• The number of cells surrounding the DDD was increased
  

常用词语

• increase/upregulate/elavated/high/strong
• decrease/downregulate/low/weak
• did(didn’t)/fail/succeed

分类表达

• 实验目的：to test XXX
• 实验内容：We did YYY
• 实验结果：Results showed that AAA was increased/decreased
• 总结：These data indicate that BBB

  基本上论文中Results的每个部份都是这四种句式的组合

Western Blot实验常见写作语句

• The expression of AA in condition BB was higher than that in condition CC
• Condition XX has elevated level of protein YY than condition ZZ
• Transient expression of AA in BB cells led to a higher expression of protein CC as compared to that of the vector control
• Activation of XX pathway upregulates the expression of protein YY
• Application of AA induce the expression of protein BB
• Immunoblotting of total lysates of XX cells revealed a strong expression of YY

Cell migration实验常见写作语句

• Activation of XX pathway by YY significantly inhibited the migration of ZZ cells in the transwell migration assay.
• AA elicited a weak inhibitory effect on tumor cell migraion in the transwell assay.
• Wound healing assay showed that activation of XX pathway significantly supressed the migration of YY cells.
• AA treatment significantly increased the open space as compared to the control group.
• In wound healing assay, migration of XX cells gradually reduced the open space to YY level.
• We used a transwell assay to compare cell invasiveness.

肿瘤动物模型常见写作语句

• To determine AA function in tumorigenesis in vivo, we generated a novel BB mouse model by crossing CC line with DD line/ by knockdown of EE gene.
• XX tumor cells (with YY shRNA or control shRNA) were injected to ZZ mouse to generate xenograft tumor model in vivo.
• AA ablation in BB mouse delayed the initiation of CC tumor.
• We found a decrease in cell proliferation/ tumor formation in XX tissue lack YY expression.
• Tumor weight and volume were significantly reduced by AA percent(%), in mice bearing BB knockdown cells.

起承转合的叙事思路

• 故事的开始部份：
• For the beginning of the result part:
• Previous study has shown that… Thus we are wondering that…
• To investigate AA, we did BB

常用的句式和段落承接方法

• Previous report that XX, led us to assess the effect of YY on ZZ.
• We next asked whether AA was required for BB process.
• Having shown that XX, we thus speculate that YY
• According to the finding that AA, one may note that BB, so we performed CC experiment
• Having demonstrated that XX, we investigated that YY
• To discover addition AA, we conducted BB experiment.

递进关系

想要强调两句话或两个结果之间的递进关系，或要强调某一个结果时，可以在橘子前面加上表示递进和强调关系的副词

• Interestingly，the result from XX experiment indicated that YY
• Significantly, we found that AA
• In addition to XX results, YY was also found playing an important role in ZZ process.
• Surprisingly, AA was shown to BB.

因果关系

真的有因果关系能用

• 确切的因果关系的连接词
  • thereby
  • as for
  • since
  • therefore
  • so
  • as a result
  • in order to
• 相关性关系/弱提示关系
  • indicate
  • suggest
  • surmise
• 一个关于因果逻辑的示例
  • 错误示范：We found an increase in AA expression, therefore we generated AA-overexpressing mice.
  • 正确示范：We found an increase in AA expression. To investigate the role AA gene played, therefore we generated AA-overexpressing mice.

转折关系（比较少见）

• 使用转折关系基本是只有下面的这俩情况：
  • 讲述做某一研究的原因是“这一问题还没有被解答”：XX was reportedm playing a vital role in YY process. However, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood.
  • 我们发现了和前人不同的结果的时候，我们想要将具体的不同写出来：Our result on AA was different from the previous report from BB et al. In contrast to their use of CC cell, we use DD to avoid EE.
  • 微弱的以转折关系表达XX有两种功能：XX protein can recruit another regulator to the reaction site, while activating its downstream target.
• 表示转折关系的若干连接词
  • though
  • although
  • regardless of
  • nevertheless
  • conversely
  • despite
  • instead
  • even though
  • even if
  • while
  • in fact
  • far from it
  • ironically
  • traditionally
  • on the other hand
  • however
  • at the same time

总结关系

• 原则1：一般在段落的最后一句，以in conclusion开始，那读者看到这里就会期盼接下来的一整段话都是结论
• 原则2：result的每一个部份都最好有一个总结，这样可以给读者加深印象
• 表总结含义的连接词
  • in a word
  • on the whole
  • in short
  • briefly/ in brief
  • to sum up
  • in all
  • in summary
  • to summarize
  • in conclusion/ to conclude
  • (taken) together
• 总结含义的语句
  • These results suggest that XX mediates YY and the subsequent downstream signaling events.
  • Taken together, our data indicates that AA…

常见错误分析

避免乱用高级词汇

• 错误示范：Thus, XX signaling pathway may represent a novel target for the treatment of YY.
• 正确示范：Thus, XX signaling pathway could be a novel target for the treatment of YY.

时态错误

• 虽然在论文的结果部份主要使用一般过去式，但在某一些具体语境下，时态也应该做出对应的变化
• 错误示范：Therefore, the goal of this study was to demonstrate XX.
• 正确示范：Therefore, the goal of this study is to demonstrate XX.

名词的单数/复数

• 错误示范1：Our data demonstrates that AA plays a role in BB.
• 正确示范1：Our data demonstrate that AA plays a role in BB.
• 错误示范2：Decreased mRNA level of XX was observed in YY.
• 正确示范2：Decreased mRNA levels of XX were observed in YY.

语句写完整，不要让读者猜意思

• 错误示范：XX mediates YY and downstream signaling.
• 正确示范：XX mediates YY and the subsequent downstream signaling events.

主语和谓语要匹配

• 错误示范：Cells surrounding the AA were increased.
• 正确示范：The number of cells surrounding the AA was increased.

总结：结果部份的模块化写作方法

• 对于科研论文的结果部分，我们要首先构思整个实验得到了什么样的结论，要放在Fig.1的是一个怎样的现象。这个现象的下面有哪些潜在的机制，其中参与的分子或是蛋白又有怎样的生理功能，我们要把这个整个的故事框架，在脑中构思好。
• 第二步是针对每一个结果分别进行描述，对于每一个实验结果来讲，可以把它模块化，套路化成对某一个结果的多或少（有或无的变化）的描述。改变其中的动词就是多少有无，改变主语或是宾语就是condition A,condition B,就可以把每一个实验结果的模块写出来。
• 然后我们再把每一个模块拼装成整个的result part,使用的方法就是通过表达实验目的，表达起承转合的关系，以及最后的总结把所有的结果组装成段落，再组装成整个的result part，这样结果部分的写作就完成了。